Before modern architecture thrived with the ability to maneuver concrete and steel, the world of architecture comprised of wood, adobe, thatch, and cave dwellings. Since then, we have come a long way. Today's cities reveal skies punctuated by skyscrapers so tall and austere; even architectural tour guides experience an occasional pain in the neck.
So, which material reigns supremacy in the world of construction today – concrete or steel? Both provide countless benefits. As for whether or not one is superior, we let you determine which side you are on.
You often hear of metal beams with concrete and steel, but what about concrete or steel? Is it tough to compare the two? Yes. But, how do they hold up against each other as building materials for the 21st century? Let’s take a look!
Safety
Concrete
Many experts have always been firm on the point that concrete is safest. It endures very high temperatures for a long time. Concrete requires no additional fireproofing treatments to meet stringent fire norms; and perform well during both natural and human-made disasters. Due to concrete’s inherent heftiness, mass, and strength, it can resist winds of more than 200 miles per hour.
Ductility is a must for structures with metal beams located in areas with seismic activities. Moreover, with proper designing, engineering, and construction, concrete structures are safeguarded against active volcanoes too.
With careful planning, concrete is somewhat ductile but, overall, is rather brittle and has a massive carbon footprint.
Structural Steel
Experts admit that steel structures can soften and melt with exposure to extremely high temperatures. However, with additional passive fire protection, such as spray-on fireproofing; steel metal beams can sustain higher temperatures and therefore, provide extra safety.
A steel structure has strength and flexibility, and along with design and engineering, make it a good choice in areas of seismic activities. It can also bend without breaking in high winds.
Cost
Concrete
A significant cost benefit to concrete is the fact that its price remains relatively constant. On the flipside, concrete also requires ongoing maintenance and repairs, meaning added costs throughout the lifetime. Supply and demand may also impact the availability of concrete. Even though it can be poured and worked directly onsite, the completion process can be lengthy and accrues higher labor costs.
Insurance companies look favorably on cast-in-place reinforced concrete structures because the safety and structural integrity reduce liability on their part. Owners and developers of such concrete structures save nearly 25% annually on the costs of property insurance.
Structural Steel
A majority of all steel manufactured today comes from recycled materials; ex- A992 steel. This recycling usage makes steel cheaper compared to other materials. Although the prices may fluctuate, it typically remains a less expensive option compared to reinforced concrete.
Off-site prefabrication reduces the labor costs as the crew won't be required for long. The metal beams arrive ready to erect, and there is little to none on-site metal work or wastage.
To get an accurate reading on which material is cost-effective, analyze current steel and concrete framing prices on a project-by-project basis.
Material Availability
Concrete
In the early 2000s, there was a shortage of cement which is the holding ingredient in concrete. This was due to massive construction needs in Florida which was hit by a gigantic hurricane then. Shipping rates also shot up, and transport ships were of limited availability. The result was another hike in prices and an unreliable supply of concrete for metal beams.
The impact of this shortage was most significant on small companies, builders, and contractors - nearly every business involved in construction, with low cash reserves. While cement companies began expansion with expected completion to increase domestic capacity by 2008, the supply continued to suffer in times of natural disasters.
Structural Steel
Steel availability has been the subject of discussion among experts for more than a few decades later, with the blame on the expanding construction activity in Asian countries like China. However, experts from the steel industry are eager to dispel the myth that there isn't enough steel to meet the ever-growing demand.
Nevertheless, the steel industry shows no shortage, even though there has been a substantial increase in construction activity. Canada produced 14 million tons in 2017; 1.6 billion tons were distributed worldwide.
Weathering
Concrete
With proper construction and care, reinforced concrete is water-resistant and does not corrode. However, it is important to note that the steel reinforcement inside should never be exposed. If exposed, the metal beams become compromised and rust easily, compromising the strength of the structure.
Structural Steel
Steel may erode when it comes into physical contact with water. If left without proper care, it affects the safety and security of the structure. Professionals should care for the steel structures with protective materials such as water-resistant seals and processes like paint care. Fire-resistant features are included when water-resisting seals are applied.
Environmental Considerations
Concrete
Concrete is a material often locally sourced and thus typically require minimal energy to transport to building sites. Rebar for concrete is usually produced from recycled steel. At the end of life, concrete can be crushed and recycled, but the recycled material can't be used for new building concrete.
Structural Steel
85% of steel is recycled, a process easier made by the fact that magnets are used in the process to sort steel. New steel made from scrapped steel uses about one-third of the energy necessary for metal beams from virgin materials. Steel fabrication made be done at a significant distance from a construction site, increasing the transportation cost.
There are hundreds of choices that need to be made for any construction project. Making the wrong decision could prove to be disadvantageous in the end. This is why one must have confidence knowing that your builders are the best in town.
There will never be a definite answer as to whether a builder should choose concrete or steel. The specifications of the project lend more insight into which construction material is more fit in terms of its affordability, schedule, and the quality control it can provide.
In the end, it is important to consider the structure’s function and requirements. Those will determine whether to choose steel or concrete. Contact us today to learn more about the tremendous benefits offered by both materials.
